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Louis Pierre Manuel

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Manuel by Pierre-Michel Alix

Louis Pierre Manuel (French pronunciation: [lwi pjɛʁ manɥɛl]; July 1751 – 14 November 1793) was a republican French writer, municipal administrator of the police, and public prosecutor during the French Revolution who was arrested, trialled and guillotined.

Life

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Revolutionary

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Journée du 20 juin 1792 by Bouillon & Vérité
place Dauphine
Place Dauphine, nr 2
place Dauphine nr 11 is on the left

He was born at Montargis, Loiret, and entered the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, becoming tutor to the son of a Paris banker. In 1783 his clandestine pamphlet, Essais historiques, critiques, littéraires, et philosophiques, resulted in his being imprisoned in the Bastille.[1]

Manuel, a man of letters passionately embraced the revolutionary ideas, and after the storming of the Bastille became a member of the provisional municipality of Paris, administrating the Garde Nationale and gendarme. Early December 1791 he was elected as procureur public of the commune, charged with both the investigation and prosecution of crime and representing the King. In a discussion about the right of veto (to suspend a law for a period or until the fulfillment of a condition) he told the Jacobins as a patriot he did not like the King, but he should have the right to leave or to abdicate. As Manuel was not from Paris he lost popularity.[2] On 24 February 1792 Manuel was installed as procureur of the commune, gave a speech warning against anarchy.[3] He proposed to sell the portraits of bishops hanging inside the building.[4]

Manuel was associated with the Demonstration of 20 June 1792, which he visited as a private person.[5] Afterwards he and Pétion de Villeneuve, the mayor were dismissed on 6 July by the Conseil Général, but reappointed on 23 July by the Assembly.[6] During the 10 August storming of the Tuileries Palace, he was up all night and played a part in the formation of the insurrectionary Paris Commune which assured the success of the latter attack (begun by the taking of the Hôtel de Ville).[7] On 12 August Robespierre and Manuel visited the Temple prison to check on the security of the royal family.[8] Manuel and Pétion were against their imprisonment.[9] At the end of the month and with a sense of martyrdom, Manuel or Robespierre seem to have ordered the sections to maintain their posts and die if necessary.[10][11] On 28 August he helped Madame de Stael and released some of her friends.[12] It is not clear if he saved the life of Beaumarchais who was jailed on the 23rd and released a week later, only three days before a massacre took place in the prison where he had been detained.

Manuel lived at Place Dauphine and was present at the nearby Abbaye Prison on the first day of the September Massacres. The door was closed, but the killing was resumed after an intense discussion with Manuel, on people's justice and failing judges.[13] Manuel belonged to a deputation sent by the general council (Conseil général) of the commune to ask for compassion.[14] They were insulted and escaped with their lives.[15] Late in the evening, Madame de Stael was conveyed home, escorted by Manuel. He saved the life of governess Madame Tourzel, because of her mother.[16]

On 7 September 1792, he was elected one of the deputies from Paris to the National Convention. On 3 November, he declared in the gallery of the Jacobin Club that "the massacres of September had been the Saint Bartholomew's Day of the people, who had shown themselves to be as wicked as a king, and that the whole of Paris was guilty of having suffered these assassinations.[17]

He suppressed the decoration of the Cross of Saint Louis, which he called "a stain on a man's coat", requested that Pétion de Villeneuve, the first president of Convention to be housed in the palace of the Tuileries,[18][19] and demanded the sale of the Palace of Versailles.

Independent politics and execution

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In 1792 he was prosecuted for publishing four volumes of the indecent fr: Lettres à Sophie de Ruffey, written in jail by Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau between 1777-1780, but was acquitted.[1]

Manuel changed his opinions on King Louis XVI through his connection with Pétion and the Brissotins; he refused to vote in favor of the execution of the former sovereign. Never before the Convention was like a court.[20] He accused The Mountain of being anarchists and murderers.[21] Consequently, he resigned as deputy.[22] succeeded by Fouquier-Tinville as public prosecutor. He retired to Montargis, where his house was attacked by the crowd on 14 March 1793.[23] Heavily bleeding he was taken to the liberty tree, arrested, and put in prison almost naked. At the end of August he was transported to the Prison de l'Abbaye and on 13 November to the Conciergerie.[24] In his trial Fouquier-Tinville accused him of being a libertine, offering wine to the "septembriseurs", stealing money and organizing a conspiration against the one and indivisible republic. He was guillotined the same day, 24 Brumaire.[25]

Works

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References

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  1. ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
  2. ^ La Feuille du jour, 17 décembre 1791, 30 janvier 1792, 4 février 1792, 11 mars 1792
  3. ^ Municipalité de Paris. Installation du Conseil général de la commune, 24 février 1792
  4. ^ Gazette universelle, 29 février 1792
  5. ^ Le Républicain français, 20 octobre 1793
  6. ^ S. Schama, p. 609, 611, 624, 636
  7. ^ Jesse Goldhammer (2005). The Headless Republic: Sacrificial Violence in Modern French Thought. Cornell University Press. p. 34. ISBN 0-8014-4150-1.
  8. ^ Israel, Jonathan (2014). Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre. p. 272.
  9. ^ Mercure universel, 18 novembre 1793
  10. ^ Jean Massin (1959) Robespierre, pp. 133–34
  11. ^ Janes, Dominic; Houen, Alex (1 May 2014). Martyrdom and Terrorism: Pre-Modern to Contemporary Perspectives. Oxford University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-19-937651-3.
  12. ^ L. Moore, p. 142, 146
  13. ^ F. Bluche, p. 56-60
  14. ^ L. Blanc (1855) Histoire de la Révolution Française, vol VII, p. 163
  15. ^ Oscar Browning, ed., The Despatches of Earl Gower (Cambridge University Press, 1885), 213–16, 219–21, 223–28.
  16. ^ Le Républicain français, 20 octobre 1793
  17. ^ "Pierre, Louis Manuel - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale".
  18. ^ Mercure universel, 18 novembre 1793
  19. ^ "Pierre, Louis Manuel - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale".
  20. ^ "Pierre, Louis Manuel - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale".
  21. ^ Mercure universel, 18 novembre 1793
  22. ^ Mercure universel, 18 novembre 1793
  23. ^ Mercure universel, 20 mars 1793; Thermomètre du jour, 21 mars 1793
  24. ^ Mercure français, 24 août 1793; Le Journal de Paris, 14 novembre 1793
  25. ^ Gazette nationale ou le Moniteur universel, 16 novembre 1793; Feuille du salut public, 16 novembre 1793; Mercure français, 23 novembre 1793
Attribution
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