Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì

Antonio Starrabba di Rudinì
Antonio Starrabba di Rudinì
Prime Minister of Italy
	In office; 10 March 1896 – 29 June 1898
Monarch	Umberto I
Preceded by	Francesco Crispi
Succeeded by	Luigi Pelloux
	In office; 6 February 1891 – 15 May 1892
Monarch	Umberto I
Preceded by	Francesco Crispi
Succeeded by	Giovanni Giolitti
Minister of the Navy
	In office; 6 February 1891 – 15 February 1891
Prime Minister	himself
Preceded by	Benedetto Brin
Succeeded by	Simone Antonio Saint-Bon
Minister of the Interior
	In office; 22 October 1869 – 14 December 1869
Prime Minister	Luigi Federico Menabrea
Preceded by	Luigi Ferraris
Succeeded by	Giovanni Lanza
Mayor of Palermo
	In office; August 1863 – April 1866
Preceded by	Mariano Stabile
Succeeded by	Salesio Balsano
Personal details
Born	16 April 1839; Palermo, Two Sicilies
Died	6 August 1908 (aged 69); Rome, Kingdom of Italy
Political party	Historical Right (1867–1882); Constitutional (1882–1900)
Spouses	; Marie de Barral (m. 1864; died 1896) ; Leonia Incisa Beccaria di Santo Stefano (m. 1896; died 1908)
Children	2
Alma mater	University of Palermo
Profession	Lawyer

Antonio Starrabba (or Starabba), Marquess of Rudinì (16 April 1839 – 7 August 1908) was an Italian statesman, Prime Minister of Italy between 1891 and 1892 and from 1896 until 1898.

Biography

Early life and patriotic activities

He was born in Palermo (then part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies) into an aristocratic Sicilian family.^[1] However, his family was of a more cultured, liberal disposition than many of their contemporaries.

In 1859, he joined the revolutionary committee which paved the way for Garibaldi's triumphs in the following year. After spending a short time at Turin as attaché to the Italian foreign office, he was elected mayor of Palermo. In 1866, he displayed considerable personal courage and energy in quelling an insurrection of separatist and reactionary tendencies. The prestige thus acquired led to his appointment as prefect of Palermo. It was while occupying that position that he put down brigandage throughout the province. In 1868, he was prefect of Naples.^[2]^[1]

In October 1869 he became minister of the interior in the Menabrea cabinet. The cabinet fell a few months later, and although Starabba was an elected member of parliament for Canicattì, he held no important position until, upon the death of Marco Minghetti in 1886, he became leader of the Right.^[2]^[1]

Political career and premierships

Early in 1891, he succeeded Francesco Crispi as premier and minister of foreign affairs, forming a coalition cabinet with a part of the Left under Giovanni Nicotera. His administration proved vacillating, but it initiated the economic reforms by virtue of which Italian finances were put on a sound basis and also renewed the Triple Alliance.^[2]

He was overthrown in May 1892 by a vote of the Chamber and was succeeded by Giovanni Giolitti. Upon the return of his rival, Crispi, to power in December 1893, he resumed political activity, allying himself with the Radical leader, Felice Cavallotti.^[2]

The crisis resulting from the disastrous battle of Adowa enabled Rudinì to return to power as premier and minister of the interior in a cabinet formed by the veteran Conservative, General Ricotti. He signed the Treaty of Addis Ababa that formally ended the First Italo–Ethiopian War recognizing Ethiopia as an independent country.^[3] He endangered relations with Great Britain by the unauthorized publication of confidential diplomatic correspondence in a Green-book^{[definition needed]} on Abyssinian affairs.^[2]

Di Rudinì recognized the excessive brutality of the repression of the Fasci Siciliani under his predecessor Crispi. Many Fasci members were pardoned and released from jail.^[4] He made it clear though that a reorganization of the Fasci would not be tolerated. Di Rudini's minister of the treasury Luigi Luzzatti passed two measures of social legislation in 1898. The industrial workmen's compensation scheme from 1883 was made obligatory with the employer bearing all costs; and a voluntary fund for contributory disability and old age pensions was created.^[5]

To satisfy the anti-colonial party, he ceded Kassala to Great Britain, thereby provoking much indignation in Italy. His internal policy was marked by continual yielding to Radical pressure and by persecution of Crispi. During his second term of office, he thrice modified his cabinet (July 1896, December 1897, and May 1898) without strengthening his political position. By dissolving the Chamber early in 1897 and favoring Radical candidates in the general election, he paved the way for the outbreak of popular uprisings about rising prices in May 1898.^[2] Rudinì declared the state of siege at Naples, Florence, Livorno and Milan, and the suppression of the riot resulted in a bloodshed in Milan. Indignation at the results of his policy left him without support of both the Left – who blamed him for the bloodshed – and the Right – who blamed him for the permissiveness that allegedly had promoted the uprisings and led to his overthrow in June 1898.^[1]

Death and legacy

Di Rudinì retained his seat in Parliament until his death in 1908. Has reputed to be a thorough gentleman and grand seigneur. One of the largest and wealthiest landowners in Sicily, he managed his estates on liberal lines, and was never troubled by agrarian disturbances. The marquis, who had not been in office since 1898, died at Rome in August, 1908, leaving a son, Carlo, who married a daughter of Henry Labouchère.^[2]

In many respects Rudinì, though leader of the Right and nominally a Conservative politician, proved a dissolving element in the Italian Conservative ranks. By his alliance with the Liberals under Nicotera in 1891, and by his understanding with the Radicals under Cavallotti in 1894-1898; by abandoning his Conservative colleague, General Ricotti, to whom he owed the premiership in 1896; and by his vacillating action after his fall from power, he divided and demoralized a constitutional party which, with more sincerity and less reliance upon political cleverness, he might have welded into a solid parliamentary organization.^[2]

Many books have been written about his life, including La settimana dell'anarchia del 1866 a Palermo by Gaspare di Mercurio.^[6]

List of Rudinì's cabinets

1st cabinet (6 February 1891 – 15 May 1892)

Portfolio		Party
President of the Council of Ministers	The Marquess of Rudinì	Liberal-Conservative
Ministers
Minister of Foreign Affairs	The Marquess of Rudinì	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of the Interior	Giovanni Nicotera	Dissident Left
Minister of Justice and Worship	Luigi Ferraris	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of War	Lt. General Luigi Pelloux	Military
Minister of the Navy	Admiral Simone Antonio Saint-Bon	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Finance	Giuseppe Colombo	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Treasury	Luigi Luzzatti	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Public Education	Pasquale Villari	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Public Works	Ascanio Branca	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Post and Telegraph	Ascanio Branca	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Agricolture, Industry and Commerce	Bruno Chimirri	Liberal-Conservative

2nd cabinet (10 March 1896 – 15 July 1896)

Portfolio		Party
President of the Council of Ministers	The Marquess of Rudinì	Liberal-Conservative
Ministers
Minister of the Interior	The Marquess of Rudinì	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Justice and Worship	Giacomo Costa	None
Minister of Foreign Affairs	Onorato Caetani	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of War	Lt. General Cesare Ricotti-Magnani	Military
Minister of the Navy	Benedetto Brin	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Finance	Ascanio Branca	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Treasury	Giuseppe Colombo	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Public Education	Emanuele Gianturco	Democrat
Minister of Public Works	Costantino Perazzi	None
Minister of Post and Telegraph	Pietro Carmine	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Agricolture, Industry and Commerce	Francesco Guicciardini	Democrat
Ministers without portfolio
Civil Commissioner for Sicily	Giovanni Codronchi	Liberal-Conservative

3rd cabinet (15 July 1896 – 14 December 1897)

Portfolio		Party
President of the Council of Ministers	The Marquess of Rudinì	Liberal-Conservative
Ministers
Minister of the Interior	The Marquess of Rudinì	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Justice and Worship	Giacomo Costa	None
Minister of Foreign Affairs	Emilio Visconti Venosta	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of War	Lt. General Luigi Pelloux	Military
Minister of the Navy	Benedetto Brin	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Finance	Ascanio Branca	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Treasury	Luigi Luzzatti	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Public Education	Emanuele Gianturco	Democrat
Minister of Public Works	Giulio Prinetti	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Post and Telegraph	Emilio Sineo	None
Minister of Agricolture, Industry and Commerce	Francesco Guicciardini	Democrat
Ministers without portfolio
Civil Commissioner for Sicily	Giovanni Codronchi	Liberal-Conservative

Changes:

On 18 September 1897, Giovanni Codronchi became Minister of Public Education, substituting Emanuele Gianturco

4th cabinet (14 December 1897 – 1 June 1898)

Portfolio		Party
President of the Council of Ministers	The Marquess of Rudinì	Liberal-Conservative
Ministers
Minister of the Interior	The Marquess of Rudinì	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Justice and Worship	Giuseppe Zanardelli	Democrat
Minister of Foreign Affairs	Emilio Visconti Venosta	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of War	Lt. General Alessandro Asinari di San Marzano	Military
Minister of the Navy	Benedetto Brin	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Finance	Ascanio Branca	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Treasury	Luigi Luzzatti	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Public Education	Nicolò Gallo	Democrat
Minister of Public Works	Giuseppe Pavoncelli	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Post and Telegraph	Emilio Sineo	None
Minister of Agricolture, Industry and Commerce	Francesco Cocco-Ortu	Democrat

5th cabinet (1 June 1898 – 29 June 1898)

Portfolio		Party
President of the Council of Ministers	The Marquess of Rudinì	Liberal-Conservative
Ministers
Minister of the Interior	The Marquess of Rudinì	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Agricolture, Industry and Commerce	The Marquess of Rudinì	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Justice and Worship	Teodorico Bonacci	None
Minister of Foreign Affairs	Raffaele Cappelli	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of War	Lt. General Alessandro Asinari di San Marzano	Military
Minister of the Navy	Vice Admiral Felice Napoleone Canevaro	Military
Minister of Finance	Ascanio Branca	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Treasury	Luigi Luzzatti	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Public Education	Luigi Cremona	Democrat
Minister of Public Works	General Achille Afan de Rivera	Liberal-Conservative
Minister of Post and Telegraph	Secondo Frola	Liberal-Conservative

Orders and decorations

Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation, 23 October 1896^[7]
Kingdom of Prussia: Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle, 3 February 1892^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sarti, Italy: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present, pp. 534-35
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Rudinì, Antonio Starabba, Marquis di". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 815.
^ Harold Marcus, The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1995), pp. 174-177
^ Pardon for Italian Socialists, The New York Times, March 14, 1896
^ Seton-Watson, Italy from liberalism to fascism, pp. 185-86
^ Di Mercurio, Gaspare (1991),La settimana dell'anarchia del 1866 a Palermo; Antonio Di Rudinì, primo sindaco contro la mafia, Palermo: I.L.A. Palma
^ Italy. Ministero dell'interno (1898). Calendario generale del regno d'Italia. p. 53.
^ "Schwarzer Adler-orden", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (supp.) (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Gedruckt in der Reichsdruckerei, 1886, p. 5 – via hathitrust.org

Sarti, Roland (2004). Italy: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present, New York: Facts on File Inc., ISBN 0-81607-474-7
Seton-Watson, Christopher (1967). Italy from liberalism to fascism, 1870-1925, New York: Taylor & Francis, 1967 ISBN 0-416-18940-7

Political offices
Preceded by Unknown	Member of Parliament for Canicattì 1867–1900	Succeeded by Unknown
Preceded by Mariano Stabile	Mayor of Palermo August 1863 – April 1866	Succeeded by Salesio Balsano
Preceded by Luigi Ferraris	Minister of the Interior 22 October 1869 – 14 December 1869	Succeeded by Giovanni Lanza
Preceded by Benedetto Brin	Minister of the Navy 6 February 1891 – 15 February 1891	Succeeded by Simone Antonio Saint-Bon
Preceded by Francesco Crispi	Prime Minister of Italy 6 February 1891 – 15 May 1892	Succeeded by Giovanni Giolitti
Preceded by Francesco Crispi	Prime Minister of Italy 10 March 1896 – 29 June 1898	Succeeded by Luigi Pelloux
Party political offices
Preceded by Marco Minghetti	Leader of the Right 1886–1898	Succeeded by Luigi Pelloux
Public Security
Preceded by Unknown	Prefect of Palermo 1866–1868	Succeeded by Unknown
Preceded by Unknown	Prefect of Naples 1868–1869	Succeeded by Unknown

[sarti534-1] Sarti, Italy: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present, pp. 534-35

[EB1911-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Rudinì, Antonio Starabba, Marquis di". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 815.

[3] Harold Marcus, The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1995), pp. 174-177

[4] Pardon for Italian Socialists, The New York Times, March 14, 1896

[seton185-5] Seton-Watson, Italy from liberalism to fascism, pp. 185-86

[6] Di Mercurio, Gaspare (1991),La settimana dell'anarchia del 1866 a Palermo; Antonio Di Rudinì, primo sindaco contro la mafia, Palermo: I.L.A. Palma

[7] Italy. Ministero dell'interno (1898). Calendario generale del regno d'Italia. p. 53.

[8] "Schwarzer Adler-orden", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (supp.) (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Gedruckt in der Reichsdruckerei, 1886, p. 5 – via hathitrust.org

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v t e Italian Ministers of Foreign Affairs
Kingdom of Italy	Cavour Ricasoli Rattazzi Pasolini Visconti-Venosta La Marmora Visconti-Venosta Campello Menabrea Visconti-Venosta Melegari Depretis Corti Cairoli Depretis Cairoli Mancini Depretis Robilant Depretis Crispi Starabba di Rudinì Brin Blanc Caetani Capelli Canevaro Visconti-Venosta Prinetti Tittoni Paternò Castello Guicciardini Tittoni Guicciardini Paternò Castello Sonnino Tittoni Scialoja Sforza Tommasi della Torretta Schanzer Mussolini Grandi Mussolini Ciano Mussolini Guariglia Badoglio Bonomi De Gasperi
Italian Republic	De Gasperi Nenni Sforza De Gasperi Pella Piccioni Martino Pella Fanfani Pella Segni Fanfani Piccioni Saragat Moro Fanfani Moro Fanfani Medici Nenni Moro Medici Moro Rumor Forlani Malfatti Ruffini Colombo Andreotti De Michelis Scotti Colombo Andreatta Elia Martino Agnelli Dini Ruggiero Berlusconi Frattini Fini D'Alema Frattini Terzi di Sant'Agata Bonino Mogherini Gentiloni Alfano Moavero Milanesi Di Maio Tajani

v t e Fasci Siciliani
Leaders	Nicola Alongi Nicola Barbato Maria Cammarata Rosario Garibaldi Bosco Vito Cascioferro Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida Agostino Lo Piano Pomar Giacomo Montalto Giovanni Noè Lorenzo Panepinto Nicola Petrina Bernardino Verro
Related politicians	Napoleone Colajanni Francesco Crispi Giovanni Giolitti Antonio Di Rudinì Luigi Luzzatti
Related events	Banca Romana scandal Caltavuturo massacre Giardinello massacre Lercara Friddi massacre Lunigiana revolt
In literature and film	I vecchi e i giovani (The Old and the Young) written by Luigi Pirandello (1913) Il giorno di San Sebastiano (Saint Sebastian's Day) directed by Pasquale Scimeca (1993)

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