Hydrodamalis

Hydrodamalis; Temporal range: late Pliocene to Holocene, 3.6–0.000256 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Skeleton of Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) at the Finnish Museum of Natural History
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Sirenia
Family:	Dugongidae
Subfamily:	†Hydrodamalinae
Genus:	†Hydrodamalis; Retzius, 1794
Type species
	†Hydrodamalis stelleri; Retzius, 1794
Species
	†Hydrodamalis gigas ; (Zimmermann, 1780) †Hydrodamalis cuestae ; Domning, 1978 †?Hydrodamalis spissa ; Furusawa, 1988
Synonyms
	List †Dystomus von Waldheim, 1813; †Haligyna Billberg, 1827; †Manati Steller, 1774; †Nepus von Waldheim, 1814; †Rhytina Berthold, 1827; †Rhytine Burmeister, 1837; †Rytina Illiger, 1811; †Sirene Link, 1794; †Stellerus Desmarest, 1822; ;

Hydrodamalis is a genus of extinct herbivorous sirenian marine mammals. It included the Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas), the Cuesta sea cow (Hydrodamalis cuestae), and the Takikawa sea cow (Hydrodamalis spissa). The fossil genus Dusisiren is regarded as the sister taxon of Hydrodamalis: together, the two genera form the dugong subfamily Hydrodamalinae.^[1] They were the largest member of the order Sirenia, whose only extant members are the dugong (Dugong dugon) and the manatees (Trichechus spp.).^[2] They reached up to 9 metres (30 ft) in length, making the Steller's sea cow among the largest mammals other than whales to have existed in the Holocene epoch.^[3] Steller's sea cow was first described by Georg Wilhelm Steller,^[4]

Cuesta by Daryl Domning,^[5] and Takikawa by Hitoshi Furusawa.^[2] The Steller's sea cow was the only member of the genus to survive into modern times, and, although had formerly been abundant throughout the North Pacific, by the mid 1700s, its range had been limited to a single, isolated population surrounding the uninhabited Commander Islands. It was hunted for its meat, skin, and fat by fur traders, and was also hunted by aboriginals of the North Pacific coast, leading to its and the genus' extinction 27 years after discovery.^[6] The Cuesta sea cow along with the Takikawa sea cow were probably extinct at the end of the Pliocene due to the onset of the Ice Ages and the subsequent recession of seagrasses—their main food source.^[5]

Sirenia

......Dugongidae

†Halitherium

	†H. schinzii

	†H. alleni

†Dusisiren

	†D. jordani

	†D. reinharti

	†D. dewana

	†D. takasatensis

†Hydrodamalis

†H. gigas

	†H. cuestae

	†H. spissa

Dugong

	Dugong dugon

Trichechidae

.....Trichechus

	Trichechus inunguis

	Trichechus manatus

	Trichechus senegalensis

Cladogram on the relations of the hydrodamalines based on a 2004 study by Hitoshi Furuwasha ^[7]

References

^ ^a ^b "Hydrodamalis". Fossilwork.org. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
^ ^a ^b Furusawa, H. (1988). A new species of hydrodamaline Sirenia from Hokkaido, Japan. Takikawa Museum of Art and Natural History. pp. 1–73.
^ Marsh, Helene; O'Shea, Thomas J.; Reynolds III, John E. (2011). "Steller's sea cow: discovery, biology and exploitation of a relict giant sirenian". Ecology and Conservation of the Sirenia: Dugongs and Manatees. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–35. ISBN 978-0-521-88828-8.
^ Steller, Georg W. (2011) [1751]. "The Manatee". In Royster, Paul (ed.). De Bestiis Marinis. Lincoln: University of Nebraska. pp. 13–43. ISBN 978-1-295-08525-5.
^ ^a ^b Domning, Daryl P. (1978). "An Ecological Model for Late Tertiary Sirenian Evolution in the North Pacific Ocean". Systematic Zoology. 25 (4): 352–362. doi:10.2307/2412510. JSTOR 2412510. S2CID 88362556.
^ Jones, Ryan T. (September 2011). "A 'Havock Made among Them': Animals, Empire, and Extinction in the Russian North Pacific, 1741–1810". Environmental History. 16 (4): 585–609. doi:10.1093/envhis/emr091. JSTOR 23049853.
^ Furusawa, Hitoshi (2004). "A phylogeny of the North Pacific Sirenia (Dugongidae: Hydrodamalinae) based on a comparative study of endocranial casts". Paleontological Research. 8 (2): 91–98. doi:10.2517/prpsj.8.91.

[fossilworks-1] "Hydrodamalis". Fossilwork.org. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.

[furusawa-2] Furusawa, H. (1988). A new species of hydrodamaline Sirenia from Hokkaido, Japan. Takikawa Museum of Art and Natural History. pp. 1–73.

[3] Marsh, Helene; O'Shea, Thomas J.; Reynolds III, John E. (2011). "Steller's sea cow: discovery, biology and exploitation of a relict giant sirenian". Ecology and Conservation of the Sirenia: Dugongs and Manatees. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–35. ISBN 978-0-521-88828-8.

[unl-pdf-4] Steller, Georg W. (2011) [1751]. "The Manatee". In Royster, Paul (ed.). De Bestiis Marinis. Lincoln: University of Nebraska. pp. 13–43. ISBN 978-1-295-08525-5.

[domning-5] Domning, Daryl P. (1978). "An Ecological Model for Late Tertiary Sirenian Evolution in the North Pacific Ocean". Systematic Zoology. 25 (4): 352–362. doi:10.2307/2412510. JSTOR 2412510. S2CID 88362556.

[jones-6] Jones, Ryan T. (September 2011). "A 'Havock Made among Them': Animals, Empire, and Extinction in the Russian North Pacific, 1741–1810". Environmental History. 16 (4): 585–609. doi:10.1093/envhis/emr091. JSTOR 23049853.

[7] Furusawa, Hitoshi (2004). "A phylogeny of the North Pacific Sirenia (Dugongidae: Hydrodamalinae) based on a comparative study of endocranial casts". Paleontological Research. 8 (2): 91–98. doi:10.2517/prpsj.8.91.

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