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Armed Forces of Turkmenistan

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Not to be confused with Turkish Armed Forces.

Armed Forces of Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan Armed Forces emblem
Founded27 January 1992; 32 years ago (1992-01-27)
Service branchesService branches
   Ground Forces
   Air Forces
   Navy
Independent formations
  Border Troops
  Internal Troops
  National Guard
HeadquartersAshgabat[1]
WebsiteMilli Gosun National Army Newspaper
Leadership
Supreme Commander-in-Chief Serdar Berdimuhamedow
Secretary of the State Security CouncilLieutenant General Begench Gundogdyev
Minister of DefenceLieutenant General Begench Gundogdyev
Chief of the General StaffColonel Akmurad Anamedov
Personnel
Military age18[2]
Conscription24 months (IISS 2012)
Active personnel36,500 (Army 33,000, Air Force 3,000, Navy 500)
Reserve personnelformerly 108,000, not since 2018 at least.[3]
Expenditure
Budget$800 million (FY10) (IISS 2018)
Percent of GDP3.6% (FY10)[2]
Industry
Foreign suppliers Belarus
 Kazakhstan
 North Korea
 Russia
 Turkey
 Serbia[4]
 United States
Related articles
RanksMilitary ranks of Turkmenistan

The Armed Forces of Turkmenistan (Turkmen: Türkmenistanyň Ýaragly Güýçleri), known informally as the Turkmen National Army (Turkmen: Türkmenistanyň Milli goşun) is the national military of Turkmenistan. It consists of the Ground Forces, the Air Force and Air Defense Forces, Navy, and other independent formations (etc. Border Troops, Internal Troops and National Guard).

History

[edit]

Beginnings

[edit]

After the fall of the Soviet Union, significant elements of the Soviet Armed Forces Turkestan Military District remained on Turkmen soil, including several motor rifle divisions. From V.I. Feskov et al. 2013 and Michael Holm's data, it appears that the three divisions were the 58th, 88th, and 209th District Training Centre (former 61 Training MRD) at Ashkhabad.[5][6] In June 1992, the new Russian government signed a bilateral defense treaty with Turkmenistan, encouraging the new Turkmen government to create its own armed forces but stipulating that they were to be placed under joint command.[7]

The United States Library of Congress Country Studies said that 'the Treaty on Joint Measures signed by Russia and Turkmenistan in July 1992 provided for the Russian Federation to act as guarantor of Turkmenistan's security and made former Soviet army units in the republic the basis of the new national armed forces. The treaty stipulated that, apart from border troops and air force and air defense units remaining under Russian control, the entire armed forces would be under joint command, which would gradually devolve to exclusive command by Turkmenistan over a period of ten years. For a transitional period of five years, Russia would provide logistical support and pay Turkmenistan for the right to maintain special installations, while Turkmenistan would bear the costs of housing, utilities, and administration.'

The Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies's Moscow Defence Brief said that in 1992–93 Turkmenistan attempted to create a small national armed force based on the former Soviet 52nd Army, which was located in the country and depended on support from Russia. Of the 300 formations and units, numbering 110,000 people, 200 were transferred to the command of Turkmenistan, 70 remained under Russia's jurisdiction, and 30 were either withdrawn or demobilized.[8]

In 1994, the chief of staff and first deputy minister of defense was Major General Annamurat Soltanov, a career officer who had served in Cuba and Afghanistan; another deputy minister of defense, Major General Begdzhan Niyazov, had been a law enforcement administrator prior to his appointment. Russian commanders included Major General Viktor Zavarzin, chief of staff and first deputy commander of the Separate Combined-Arms Army of Turkmenistan, and commander of the Separate Combined-Arms Army of Turkmenistan and deputy minister of defense Lieutenant General Nikolai Kormiltsev. Russian Major General Vladislav Shunevich served together with Turkmen Major General Akmurad Kabulov as joint commanders of the border troops in the Turkmen Border Guard. Under a 1993 bilateral military cooperation treaty, some 2,000 Russian officers served in Turkmenistan on contract, and border forces (about 5,000 in 1995) are under joint Russian and Turkmenistani command. Altogether, about 11,000 Russian troops remained in Turkmenistan in mid-1996.'[9]

Military policy of Niyazov

[edit]

Turkmenistan's military is considered to be the most neutral of all former republics of the Soviet Union. The country's military did not sign the Tashkent Treaty in May 1992,[10] becoming an observer in the Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS. Turkmenistan's first military doctrine was adopted in 1994 enforcing this.[11] The neutral policy of Turkmenistan was also emphasized in relation to the 1996 Afghan War, maintaining an even relationship with both the Taliban and the Afghan government.[12] Following the September 11 terrorist attacks, coalition troops did not appear on Turkmen territory. President Niyazov refused to provide the German government with a base to store German aircraft, arguing that the country intends to continue to follow the principles of neutrality.

In 2002, a "labor army" was created by Niyazov's orders which saw the creation of specialized labor military units. Soldiers in these units began to be sent from military units to enterprises, construction sites and hospitals as cheap labor, being removed from the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defense.[13][14]

Since 2006

[edit]

Jane's Information Group said in 2009 that "Turkmenistan's military is, even by the standards of Central Asia, poorly maintained and funded."[15]

Weeks after he was inaugurated for a first term, President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov announced his decision to endorse the country's second military doctrine, officially declaring neutrality and stating that the border with Afghanistan will be a national security priority. In 2016, a new military doctrine was adopted by Berdimuhamedov.[16] In November 2018, President Berdimuhamedov reiterated this at a session of the State Security Council.[17]

Military hierarchy

[edit]

State Security Council

[edit]
Main article: State Security Council of Turkmenistan

Defense Ministry

[edit]

The Ministry of Defense of Turkmenistan is a government agency of the armed forces which is the executive body in implementing defense policies in Turkmenistan. It was founded in January 1992 with the assistance of the Russian Armed Forces. Most of the original employees were retired Soviet officials in the Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR.

General Staff

[edit]

Structure

[edit]
  • Land Forces Command
  • Department of the Missile Forces and Artillery
  • Department of the Air Force and Air Defense Forces Command
  • Department of Communication Troops
  • Department of Engineering Troops
  • Department of training specialists for the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan
  • Department of Specialized Formations

List of Chiefs of Staff

[edit]
Main article: Chief of the General Staff (Turkmenistan)

The Chief of the General Staff of Turkmen Armed Forces is the highest-ranking military officer in the military, being responsible for maintaining the operational command of the military and its three major branches.

Military organization

[edit]

The territorial Armed Forces of Turkmenistan are divided into 5 military districts in accordance with the administrative division of the country into 5 regions:[18][19]

Each military district includes district military command and control bodies, military units, individual military units and subunits, military commissariats of etraps and cities with etrap rights. The Territorial Defence Troops of Turkmenistan also serve regional purposes.

Ground Forces

[edit]
T-90SA and T-72UMG units.

The Turkmen Ground Forces inherited several motor rifle divisions from the Soviet Armed Forces Turkestan Military District, forming the basis for the branch. Among them was the 58th Motor Rifle Division at Kyzyl-Arvat.[20] Today the ground forces include the 2nd, 3rd, 11th, and 22nd Motor Rifle Divisions.[21] The 11th Motor Rifle Division "Sultan Sanjar" is the former Soviet 88th Motor Rifle Division, with its headquarters at Kushka/Serhetabat. It was reported in January 2007 that on the Caspian Sea and the coastal zone to a depth of 350 kilometers, and on the Turkmen-Iranian border is located about 90% of the Army (22nd Motorized Division on the Caspian coast, 2nd and 3rd motorized divisions on the Turkmen-Iranian border, 11th Motorized Division on the Tajik-Afghan border).[22]

The number of vehicles is around 2,000, the number of tanks is around 700 and the number of artillery pieces is around 560.[23] Turkmen ground forces equipment includes 702 T-72,[24] and 10 T-90, ordered in 2009 for approximately $30 million.[25][26] AIFV / APC include BTR-60/BTR-70/BTR-80 - 829,[24] BMP-1/BMP-2 - 930,[24] BRM-1 12, and BRDM-2 - 170. In 2021 Turkmenistan is to receive batch of Lazar 3 8x8 armored vehicle from Serbia.[27]

Air Force

[edit]
Further information: Turkmen Air Force

The IISS in 2012 said the Air Force had 3,000 personnel with 94 combat capable aircraft.[28] The total number of aircraft is around 120.[23] It said there were two fighter/ground attack squadrons with MiG-29/MiG-29UB (total of 24 both types), Sukhoi Su-17 Fitter-Bs (65) and two Sukhoi Su-25 Frogfoots (with 41 more being refurbished). It reported one transport squadron with Antonov An-26 'Curl' (1), and Mi-8s and Mi-24s (8 and 10 listed in service respectively). Training units had Sukhoi Su-7 Fitter-As (3 listed in service) and L-39 Albatross. Air defence missile units had SA-2, SA-3, and SA-5

A Turkmenistan Antonov An-74TK-200

Units:

  • 99th Aviation Base (former 67th Mixed Aviation Regiment) (Mary-2 airbase) with MiG-29 and Su-25.[21]
  • 47th Separate Mixed Aviation Squadron (Аk-Tepe/Ashkabad) with Аn-26/24, Mi-24 and Mi-8.
  • 107th Fighter Aviation Regiment (Ak-Tepe) with 38 MiG-23 and 20 MiG-25 (not operational).
  • 31st Separate Aviation Squadron (Chardzhou/Turkmenabad) with MiG-21, Su-7, L-39, Yak-28 and Аn-12 (not operational). Former 366th Independent Helicopter Squadron.
  • 55th Fighter Aviation Regiment (Balkanabat) with MiG-23М (not operational). Former 179th Fighter Aviation Regiment.
  • 56th Storage Base (Kyzyl-Arvat) with MiG-23. Former 217th Fighter/Bomber Aviation Regiment.
  • 1st Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment 'Turkmenbashi' (Bikrova/Ashkabad) with 2K11 Krug.
  • 2nd Radio-Technical Brigade
[edit]
Flag of the Turkmen Navy

The Turkmen naval forces are currently directed by the defense ministry and consist of around 700 servicemen and sixteen patrol boats.[29] The Congressional Research Service, citing the International Institute for Strategic Studies, reports a number of six patrol boats.[23]

The International Institute for Strategic Studies reported in 2007 that Turkmenistan intended to form a navy and had a minor base at Turkmenbashy with one USCG Point class cutter and five Kalkan-class patrol vessels.[24] Jane's Fighting Ships 2001-2002 reported that the Point-class cutter was the Merjin, PB-129, (ex Point Jackson, 82378), which was transferred on 30 May 2000.

The country acquired four missile boats in 2011.[23] In 2014 it acquired 10 Tuzla-class patrol boats which were all delivered by 2015.

In 2012, Turkmenistan announced its first naval exercises in the Caspian Sea programmed for early September. Named Hazar-2012 (Hazar is the Turkic name of the Caspian Sea), these tactical exercises came after a summer of somewhat heightened tensions with Azerbaijan over natural gas fields in a contested part of the sea.[30]

Other security forces

[edit]

Türkmen Edermen

[edit]
Main article: Türkmen Edermen

The Special Task Force "Türkmen Edermen" (Valiant Turkmen in English) is a composite military unit drawn from the armed forces and national law enforcement agencies such as the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the State Border Service, and the Ministry for National Security.[31]

Presidential Security Service

[edit]
A vehicle of the security service in 2011

The Presidential Security Service (Turkmen: Prezidentiniň howpsuzlyk gullugy) is responsible for ensuring the protection and security of the president. Established in November 1990, it is a directly reporting body of the President of Turkmenistan and not part of the Ministry of Defense.[32] During state visits to foreign countries, the service provides at least 10 agents to protect the president.[33] The Presidential Security Service is currently composed of 2,000 employees.[34]

Border Guard

[edit]

The State Border Service of Turkmenistan is a public service department in the government of the country and is under the command of the Ministry for National Security of Turkmenistan. The main tasks of the service include the following: protecting of the national border of the country, combating international terrorism and drug trafficking, targeting illegal migration and human trafficking, and protecting oil and gas platforms and pipelines in the Caspian Sea. The head of the service is a member of the Council of Border Guard Commanders of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).[35]

Internal Troops

[edit]

The Internal Troops is under the auspices of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. It is designed to maintain law and order and enforce the status quo in terms of state sovereignty. It aides the Turkmen National Police in its everyday activities, being organized similarly to the ground forces.[36]

Equipment

[edit]
Military equipment of the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan
Name Photo Origin In service Notes
Tanks
T-72 'Ural' Early  Soviet Union N/A [37]
T-72 'Ural' Late N/A [37]
T-72A Early N/A [37]
T-72A Late N/A [37]
T-72AV N/A [37]
T-72UMG  Ukraine N/A [37]
T-90S  Russia N/A [37]
Armoured Fighting Vehicles
BRDM-2  Soviet Union N/A [37]
Infantry Fighting Vehicles
BMP-1(P)  Soviet Union N/A [37]
BMP-1U 'Shkval'  Ukraine N/A [37]
BMP-2 Obr. 1980  Soviet Union N/A [37]
BMP-2D N/A [37]
BMP-3  Russia N/A [37]
BTR-80A N/A [37]
BTR-80U 'Grom'  Ukraine N/A [37]
Lazar-3  Serbia N/A [Ministry for National Security].[37]
Armoured Personnel Carriers
BTR-70  Soviet Union N/A [37]
BTR-80 N/A [37]
Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) Vehicles
KamAZ-63968 Typhoon  Russia N/A [37]
BMC Kirpi  Turkey N/A [State Border Service and Ground Forces].[37]
BMC Vuran N/A [State Border Service].[37]
Infantry Mobility Vehicles
Otokar Ural  Turkey N/A [Ministry of Internal Affairs].[37]
Otokar Cobra N/A [State Border Service].[37]
BMC Amazon N/A [State Border Service].[37]
INKAS Titan-DS  United Arab Emirates N/A [State Border Service and Ground Forces].[37]
NIMR Ajban 440A N/A [37]
NIMR Ajban LRSOV N/A [37]
Al Shibl 2  Saudi Arabia N/A [37]
Plasan StormRider  Israel N/A [Ministry for National Security].[37]
IMI CombatGuard N/A [37]
Bars  Belarus N/A [37]
Iveco LMV  Italy N/A [Ministry for National Security].[37]
PMV Survivor II  Austria N/A [State Border Service and Ministry of Internal Affairs].[37]
KLTV  South Korea N/A [State Border Service].[37]
Dongfeng EQ2050  China N/A [37]
Tactical Vehicles And Technicals
Polaris DAGOR  United States N/A [37]
Polaris MRZR N/A [37]
Polaris MV850 ATV 4x4 N/A [37]
Polaris MV850 ATV 6x6 N/A [37]
Toyota Land Cruiser  Japan N/A [37]
Combat Engineering Vehicle
IMR-2(M)  Soviet Union N/A [37]
Bridgelayer
MTU-55  Soviet Union N/A [37]
Tracked Amphibious Transport
PTS-2  Soviet Union N/A [37]
Minelayer
GMZ-3  Soviet Union N/A [37]
Chemical Cleaning Vehicle
TMS-65U  Soviet Union N/A [37]
Self-Propelled Anti-Tank Missile Systems
9P133 Malyutka  Soviet Union N/A [37]
9P149 Shturm-S N/A [37]
Caracal Shershen-Q  Belarus N/A [37]
Towed Artillery
100mm MT-12  Soviet Union N/A [37]
122mm D-30 N/A [37]
152mm D-20 N/A [37]
152mm 2A65 Msta-B N/A [37]
152mm 2A36 Giatsint-B N/A [37]
Self-Propelled Artillery
122mm 2S1 Gvozdika  Soviet Union N/A [37]
152mm 2S3 Akatsiya N/A [37]
Multiple Rocket Launchers
122mm 9P122 'Grad-P'  Soviet Union N/A [37]
122mm BM-21 'Grad' N/A [37]
122mm BM-21A BelGrad  Belarus N/A [State Border Service and Ground Forces].[37]
122mm RM-70  Czech Republic N/A [37]
220mm BM-27 Uragan  Soviet Union N/A [37]
300mm BM-30 Smerch  Russia N/A [37]
Artillery Rockets
9K52 Luna-M  Soviet Union N/A (Likely to have been decommissioned).[37]
Ballistic Missiles
R-17 Scud-B  Soviet Union N/A (Likely to have been decommissioned),[37]
(Self-Propelled) Anti-Aircraft Guns
23mm ZU-23  Soviet Union N/A [State Border Service and Ground Forces].[37]
23mm ZSU-23-4 Shilka N/A [37]
Static Surface-To-Air Missile (SAM) Systems
S-125  Soviet Union N/A Range: 22km], (Three sites protecting the capital Ashgabat).[37]
S-200 N/A [Range: 300km], (Two sites protecting Türkmenbaşy and Mary).[37]
Self-Propelled Surface-To-Air Missile (SAM) Systems
9K35 Strela-10M  Belarus N/A [Range: 5km].[37]
9K33 Osa  Soviet Union N/A [Range: 15km].[37]
FM-90  China N/A [Range: 15km].[37]
S-125-2BM  Belarus N/A [Range: 22km].[37]
Pechora-2M  Russia N/A [Range: 22km].[37]
2K12 Kub  Soviet Union N/A [Range: 25km].[37]
KS-1A  China N/A [Range: 50km].[37]
2K11 Krug  Soviet Union N/A [Range: 55km].[37]
FD-2000  China N/A [Range: 125km].[37]
Electronic Warfare Systems
Rohde & Schwarz EW System  Germany N/A [37]
Radars
P-14 'Tall King'  Soviet Union N/A [37]
P-18 'Spoon Rest D' N/A [37]
P-35/37 'Bar Lock' N/A [37]
P-80 'Back Net' N/A [37]
PRV-11 'Side Net' N/A [37]
36D6 'Tin Shield' N/A [37]
SNR-125 'Low Blow' N/A (For S-125).[37]
SNR-125-2BM  Belarus N/A (For S-125-2BM ''PF 50 Alebarda'').[37]
SNR-125-2M  Russia N/A (For Pechora-2M), (Not yet seen).[37]
5N62 'Square Pair'  Soviet Union N/A (For S-200).[37]
1S32 'Pat Hand' N/A (For 2K11 Krug).[37]
SURN 1S91 N/A (For 2K12 Kub).[37]
Kolchuga  Ukraine N/A [37]
YLC-2V  China N/A (For FD-2000).[37]
HKJM2 N/A (For FD-2000).[37]
HT-233 N/A (For FD-2000), (Not yet seen).[37]
H-200 N/A (For KS-1A), (Not yet seen).[37]
YLC-18 N/A [37]
DWL-002   N/A [37]
TS-504 N/A [37]
Surveillance Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Aeronautics Defense Orbiter 2B  Israel N/A [37]
Elbit Skylark N/A (Used in conjunction with a ground-based rapid mine laying system).[37]
Selex ES Falco XN  Italy N/A [37]
Busel M  Belarus N/A [37]
Busel M40 N/A (License-produced in Turkmenistan).[37]
Boeing Insitu ScanEagle 2  United States N/A [37]
Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles
CASC Rainbow CH-3A  China N/A (Armed with two AR-1 AGMs).[37]
WJ-600A/D N/A (Armed with two CM-502KG AGMs).[37]
Bayraktar TB2  Turkey N/A (Armed with four MAM-C or MAM-L (with an 15+km range) PGMs).[37]
Busel MB2  Belarus N/A (Armed with F1 grenades and PTAB-2.5 and PFAB-05 small bombs, while license-produced in Turkmenistan).[37]
Loitering Munitions
SkyStriker  Israel N/A [37]
Busel MB1  Belarus N/A (Documented by a few sources, not yet seen).[37]
Vertical Take-Off And Landing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
DJI Phantom 4  China N/A [37]
MD4-1000  Germany N/A [37]
Target Drones
La-17  Soviet Union N/A (Believed to have been decommissioned).[37]
ASN-9 ''Ba-9''  China N/A [37]
S300 N/A [37]

Personnel

[edit]

Ranks

[edit]
Main article: Military ranks of Turkmenistan
The corps of drums of the Berdimuhamed Annayev 1st Specialized Military School.

Military education

[edit]
Main article: Turkmen military academies

Founded in 1993 and 2007 respectively, the Military Institute of the Ministry of Defense of Turkmenistan and the Military Academy of Turkmenistan are the senior most military academies of their kind in Turkmenistan. Other military academies include the Turkmen Police Academy, the Turkmen National Security Institute, and the Turkmen Naval Institute. Border guards are trained at special institutes in military universities.[38]

Personnel awards

[edit]
  • Medal "Edermenlik"[39]
  • Medal "For impeccable service to the Fatherland"
  • Medal "Turkmen Edermen"
  • Breastplate "Valiant Border Guard"[40]
  • Myalikguly Berdymuhamedov Medal[41]

* Uniforms *

[edit]
Turkmen honour guards in winter uniform.

Military uniforms are sewn in the following factories of the Ministry of Textile Industry on the orders of the Ministry of Defense of Turkmenistan:[42]

  • Ruhabat Textile Complex
  • Geokdepe Textile Complex
  • Turkmenbashi Textile Complex
  • Ahal Sewing Production Association
  • Bayramali Textile Complex
  • Turkmen-Kalkan Joint Venture

The semi-woolen fabrics that are not produced in Turkmenistan are supplied through the Turkmendokma Foreign Trade Enterprise of the Ministry of Textile Industry.

Conscription

[edit]

Service in the armed forces is required for all males under 27 years of age.[43] Minister of Defence Dangatar Kopekov stated in 1992 that legislation was drafted to where draft dodgers would face "very severe measures, including criminal responsibility". Despite this, desertion is rampant, and was at a 20% rate in 1994.[44] For many military units, it has often been accepted that commanders extort bribes for an early demobilization of conscripts.[45]

There have been reported cases of mistreatment of army conscripts on duty and Hazing.[46]

Women in the National Army

[edit]

Women under the age of 21 who have a secondary education and have volunteered for military service can qualify for higher educational studies at the military institute.[47] In 2016, Senior Lieutenant Jahan Yazmuhammedova became the first female paratrooper in the Armed Forces, serving in the 152nd Independent Air Assault Battalion.[48] A parade in 2019 was the first parade in which female siblings (Captains Shirin and Aknabat Velikurbanov) took part in the parade as part of the same contingent.[49] The contingent in question was led by Major Nabat Nurgeldyeva, who was in her 16th parade.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Military Technology, World Defence Almanac 2008, p.255
  2. ^ a b "Turkmenistan Military 2014, CIA World Factbook". Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  3. ^ John Pike. "Turkmenistan- Army". Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  4. ^ "Prvi put van Srbije: Lazar 3 prikazan u punom sjaju FOTO". B92. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  5. ^ "36th Army Corps". www.ww2.dk. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  6. ^ "Turkestan Military District". www.ww2.dk. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  7. ^ Stephen Foye, 'Russian-Turkmen Defense Accord,' RFE/RL Daily Report, no. 109, (10 June 1992), p.1, via Janne E. Nolan (ed.), Global Engagement, Brookings, Washington D.C., 1994, p. 369.
  8. ^ "Colonel Oleg BELOSLUDTSEV, Candidate of Historical Sciences, and Colonel Alexander GRIBOVSKY, Russia's Military-Political Relations with Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, Center for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies". mdb.cast.ru. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  9. ^ Glenn E. Curtis (ed.), Russia: A Country study, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, research completed July 1996 (Chapter 9)
  10. ^ "Russia Frustrated by Refusal of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan to Cooperate on Security | Eurasianet". Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  11. ^ "Turkmen Leader Plans to Adopt New Military Doctrine". Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  12. ^ Pannier, Bruce (23 June 2016). "Neutral Turkmenistan Chooses A Side In Afghan Conflict". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  13. ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Туркменские солдаты хотят в "дубайские роты" | DW | 04.02.2010". Deutsche Welle (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 November 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
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  15. ^ Josh Kucera, 'Centre of Attention: Central Asia,' Jane's Defence Weekly, 14 October 2009
  16. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. ^ "President: Turkmen military doctrine is of defensive nature | MENAFN.COM". menafn.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
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  19. ^ "Ашхабада в войсках артиллерии после. Армии мира". Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  20. ^ "58th Motorised Rifle Division". ww2.dk. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
  21. ^ a b Vad777, Turkmenistan Archived 8 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ "Анатолий Цыганок: Рычаги силы государств Большого Кавказа". polit.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  23. ^ a b c d Jim Nichol (Congressional Research Service) (16 May 2011). "Turkmenistan: Recent Developments and U.S. Interests" (PDF). fas.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  24. ^ a b c d IISS (2007). The Military Balance 2007. London: Routledge for the IISS. pp. 326–327. ISBN 978-1-85743-437-8.
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  26. ^ "Procurement (Turkmenistan) - Sentinel Security Assessment - Russia and the CIS". Janes.com. 21 October 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
  27. ^ "Набавка нових "Лазара 3" за Војску Србије, вредност уговора 3,7 милијарди динара". Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  28. ^ IISS 2012 p.290
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  31. ^ "GB orders, inspects snap exercise of special service group Turkmen Edermen – News Central Asia (nCa)". newscentralasia.net. 6 September 2019. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  32. ^ "Закон Туркменистана "Об оперативно-розыскной деятельности"". base.spinform.ru. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
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Further reading

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