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Foreign relations of Panama

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Foreign relations

Panama's foreign relations are conventional in outlook, with Panama being especially aligned with United States since the 1989 US invasion to topple the regime of General Manuel Noriega. The United States cooperates with the Panamanian government in promoting economic, political, security, and social development through U.S. and international agencies.

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Panama maintains diplomatic relations with:[1][2]

# Country Date
1  United States 13 November 1903
2  France 18 November 1903
3  Russia 21 November 1903
4  Costa Rica 29 December 1903
5  Italy 15 January 1904
—  Venezuela (suspended)[3] 3 February 1904
6  Cuba 7 April 1904
7  Netherlands 10 April 1904
8   Switzerland 6 May 1904
9  Spain 10 May 1904
10  Portugal 21 May 1904
11  Japan 7 January 1904
12  Uruguay 28 October 1904
13  Honduras 18 September 1907
14  Belgium 15 February 1908
15  Chile 1 March 1908
16  Peru 2 March 1908
17  Brazil 3 March 1908
18  United Kingdom 9 April 1908
19  Ecuador 1 September 1908[4]
20  El Salvador 9 March 1909
21  Argentina 5 November 1920
22  Mexico 29 May 1923
–  Holy See 21 September 1923
23  Colombia 9 July 1924
24  Czech Republic 25 March 1929[5]
25  Guatemala 25 January 1937
26  Dominican Republic 17 March 1937
27  Sweden 3 July 1937
28  Denmark 30 July 1937
29  Norway 31 July 1937
30  Nicaragua 13 December 1938
31  Bolivia 28 August 1942
32  Paraguay 31 October 1942
33  Haiti 11 October 1945
34  Lebanon 30 April 1946
–  Sovereign Order of Malta 2 August 1948
35  Turkey 14 April 1950
36  Germany 17 December 1951
37  Serbia 26 March 1953
38  Austria 18 October 1955
39  Greece 17 May 1956
40  Egypt 21 February 1958
41  Madagascar 20 September 1960[6]
42  Canada 11 August 1961
43  India 1 July 1962
44  South Korea 30 September 1962
45  Jamaica 18 August 1966
46  Ethiopia 17 August 1967
47  Pakistan 7 November 1967
48  Cyprus 1 April 1971
49  Romania 5 October 1971
50  Bangladesh 5 June 1972
51  Algeria 9 February 1973
52  Guyana 16 March 1973
53  Bulgaria 29 March 1973
54  Libya 29 March 1973
55  Guinea 29 March 1973
56  Poland 15 August 1973
57  Philippines 28 September 1973
58  Guinea-Bissau 16 October 1973
59  Australia 20 February 1974
60  Grenada 18 November 1974
61  Iran 7 January 1975
62  Bahrain 27 February 1975
63  Hungary 5 August 1975
64  Vietnam 28 August 1975
65  Syria 17 February 1976
66  Finland 19 February 1976
67  Malta 19 February 1976
68  Sri Lanka 8 March 1976
69  Kuwait 23 March 1976
70  Iraq 8 June 1976
71  Israel 18 June 1976
72  Morocco 15 February 1977
73  Albania 20 August 1978
74  Indonesia 27 March 1979
75  Suriname 1 May 1979
–  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1 June 1979
76  Equatorial Guinea 13 May 1981
77  Belize 1 December 1981
78  Myanmar 15 July 1982
79  Singapore 6 August 1982
80  Thailand 20 August 1982
81  Barbados 3 March 1983
82    Nepal 15 February 1984
83  Luxembourg 12 November 1985
84  Senegal 27 August 1987
85  Sudan 13 September 1988
86  Angola 16 February 1989
87  Maldives 19 February 1989
88  Ghana 24 February 1989
89  Bahamas 1 May 1991
90  Lithuania 19 November 1992
91  Saint Kitts and Nevis 19 November 1992
92  Moldova 15 February 1993
93  Slovakia 15 February 1993
94  United Arab Emirates 9 March 1993
95  New Zealand 22 March 1993
96  Seychelles 21 May 1993
97  Ukraine 21 May 1993
98  Malaysia 24 July 1993
99  Jordan 7 February 1994
100  Oman 25 February 1994
101  Latvia 22 March 1994
102  Trinidad and Tobago 24 May 1994
103  South Africa 10 January 1995
104  Estonia 13 January 1995
105  Azerbaijan 6 April 1995
106  Slovenia 10 May 1995
107  Saint Lucia 10 July 1995
108  Kazakhstan 28 July 1995
109  Cambodia 15 February 1996
110  Papua New Guinea 5 March 1996
111  Brunei 28 March 1996
112  Croatia 12 July 1996
113  Andorra 16 July 1996
114  Antigua and Barbuda 27 September 1996
115  Armenia 7 August 1998
116  Belarus 22 October 1998
117  Georgia 18 November 1998
118  Iceland 4 June 1999
119  Nigeria 12 February 2001
120  Ireland 14 February 2001
121  Qatar 8 February 2002
122  North Macedonia 18 April 2002
123  Namibia April 2002[7]
124  Afghanistan 3 May 2002
125  San Marino 22 January 2004
126  Bosnia and Herzegovina 31 March 2004
127  Benin 20 September 2005
128  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 17 July 2006
129  Tunisia 15 June 2007
130  Montenegro 29 May 2008
131  Burkina Faso 29 July 2009
132  Botswana 15 December 2009
133  Djibouti 15 December 2009
134  Monaco 22 November 2010
135  Cameroon 14 August 2011
136  Liechtenstein 3 January 2012
137  Mongolia 17 January 2012
138  Dominica 13 March 2012
139  Palau 18 April 2012
140  Solomon Islands 11 September 2012
141  Fiji 9 November 2012
–  Kosovo 28 August 2013[8]
142  Saudi Arabia 14 January 2015
143  Turkmenistan 24 July 2015
144  Ivory Coast 29 April 2016
145  China 12 June 2017
146  Tajikistan 26 May 2018[9]
147  Togo 26 March 2019
148  Kenya 26 September 2019
149  Cape Verde 9 April 2021[10]
150  Laos 9 September 2021
151  Kyrgyzstan 24 September 2021
152  Uzbekistan 30 November 2021
153  East Timor 20 September 2022[11]
154  Federated States of Micronesia 20 September 2022[12]
155  Mauritania 22 September 2022
156  Rwanda 18 September 2023
157  Uganda 22 September 2023[13]
158  Vanuatu 21 November 2023
159  Zimbabwe 28 December 2023
160  Kiribati 30 January 2024
—  Cook Islands 8 March 2024[14]
161  Marshall Islands 23 September 2024
162  Zambia 24 September 2024

Bilateral relations

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Armenia 7 August 1998
 Canada 11 August 1961[1] See Canada–Panama relations
 China 2 January 1909[1] See China–Panama relations

Panama established a diplomatic relationship with the Qing dynasty in 1909. After the Xinhai Revolution, Panama recognized the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC), and has retained diplomatic ties with the ROC. In 2009, after President Ricardo Martinelli took office, Panama wished to switch diplomatic relations from the ROC to the People's Republic of China (PRC), but this was rejected by the PRC government based on violation of PRC's viewpoint on the One-China policy. Martinelli reaffirmed its commitment to Taiwan in the diplomatic arena, clearing doubts he could establish official ties with PRC; he also thanked the Taiwanese for cooperation and expressed the hope that cooperation and investments would intensify. "Panama reaffirms its determination to strengthen diplomatic ties with the Republic of China (Taiwan), as well as strengthening trade ties with the People's Republic of China (PRC)," said Foreign Minister Juan Carlos Varela, at a meeting in the Council of Taiwan Affairs.[17] On June 12, 2017, President Juan Carlos Varela announced that Panama has established a diplomatic relationship with People's Republic of China, and Panama has severed diplomatic relationship with the Republic of China (Taiwan).

 Chile 1 March 1908[1]
 Colombia 9 July 1924 See Colombia–Panama relations
 Costa Rica 29 December 1903 See Costa Rica–Panama relations
  • Panama has an embassy in San José.
  • Costa Rica has an embassy in Panama City and a consulate in David.
 India 1 June 1962[1] See India–Panama relations

Panama is the first country in Central America where India established a resident embassy in 1973. Bilateral commercial and trade relations are steadily growing between India and Panama, with Panama seen as the gateway for expansion into Latin America.[20]

 Kosovo 27 August 2013[24]

Panama officially recognised the independence of the Republic of Kosovo on 16 January 2009.[25] Kosovo and Panama established diplomatic relations on 27 August 2013, following the establishment of diplomatic relations Kosovo announced it would be opening an embassy in Panama and that this embassy would be Kosovo's 'gateway to Latin America'.[26]

Kosovo has an embassy in Panama City.[27] Both countries enjoy excellent relationships.

 Mexico 29 May 1923[1] See Mexico–Panama relations
  • Mexico has an embassy in Panama City.[28]
  • Panama has an embassy in Mexico City and a consulate-general in Veracruz City.[29]
 Peru 2 March 1908
Main article: Panama–Peru relations
  • Panama has an embassy in Lima.
  • Peru has an embassy in Panama City.
 Russia 21 November 1903[1] See Panama–Russia relations
  • Panama has an embassy in Moscow.[30]
  • Russia has an embassy in Panama city.[31]
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1 June 1979[1] See Panama–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations

Panama was the first Latin American country on recognizing the SADR in 1978, during the military rule of Omar Torrijos.[32] Panama also has the oldest Sahrawi embassy in Latin America. Relations were suspended from 20 November 2013 to 7 January 2016;.[33]

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2006[1]
 Serbia 1953[1]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1953.[35]
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[36]
 South Africa 1995[1]
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1995.[1][37]
  • Panama has an embassy Pretoria.
  • South Africa is accredited to Panama from its embassy in Lima, Peru.[37]
 South Korea 30 September 1962[1] See Panama–South Korea relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on Sep 30, 1962.

  • Panama has an embassy in Seoul.[38]
  • South Korea has an embassy in Panama City.[39][40][41]
 Spain 10 May 1904[1] See Panama–Spain relations
 Thailand 20 August 1982
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1982.[1][37]
  • Panama has an embassy in Bangkok.
  • Thailand is accredited to Panama from its embassy in Santiago, Chile.[37]
 Turkey April 14, 1950[44] See Panama–Turkey relations
  • Panama has an embassy in Ankara.[44]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Panama.[44]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$260.9 million in 2019 (Panamanian exports/imports: 12.1/248.8 million USD).[44]
 United Kingdom 9 April 1908 See Foreign relations of the United Kingdom

The UK established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 9 April 1908.

  • Panama maintains an embassy in London.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Panama from its embassy in Panama City.[45]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization, as well as the Central America–UK Trade Continuity Agreement.[46] Bilaterally the two countries have an investment agreement.[47]

 United States 13 November 1903
3 April 1964[1]		 See Panama–United States relations

The United States cooperates with the Panamanian government in promoting economic, political, security, and social development through U.S. and international agencies. Cultural ties between the two countries are strong, and many Panamanians go to the United States for higher education and advanced training. In 2007, the U.S. and Panama partnered to launch a regional health worker training center. The center provides training to community healthcare workers in Panama and throughout Central America. About 25,000 American citizens reside in Panama, many retirees from the Panama Canal Commission and individuals who hold dual nationality. There is also a rapidly growing enclave of American retirees in the Chiriqui Province in western Panama.

 Uruguay 28 October 1904 See Panama–Uruguay relations
  • Panama has an embassy in Montevideo.
  • Uruguay has an embassy in Panama City.
 Venezuela 1717 See Panama–Venezuela relations

Multilateral relations

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Panama is a member of the UN General Assembly (and most major UN agencies) and has served three terms in the UN Security Council. In November 2006, it was elected to serve a two-year term on the Security Council, beginning January 1, 2007. It maintains membership in several international financial institutions, including the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, and the International Monetary Fund.

Panama is a member of the Organization of American States and was a founding member of the Rio Group. Although it was suspended from the Latin American Economic System — known informally both as the Group of Eight and the Rio Group — in 1988 due to its internal political system under Manuel Noriega, Panama was readmitted in September, 1994 as an acknowledgment of its present democratic credentials.

Panama is also one of the founding members of the Union of Banana Exporting Countries and belongs to the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission. Panama is a member of the Central American Parliament (PARLACEN) as well as the Central American Integration System (SICA). Panama joined its six Central American neighbors at the 1994 Summit of the Americas in signing the Alliance for Sustainable Development known as the Conjunta Centroamerica-USA or CONCAUSA to promote sustainable economic development in the region.

Panama is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ" (PDF). p. 195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Panama and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  3. ^ "Panama suspends diplomatic relations with Venezuela pending election review". 29 July 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  4. ^ "PANAMÁ BUSCA OTORGAR UN IMPULSO RENOVADO A LAS RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS CON ECUADOR". 6 February 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  5. ^ Las relaciones entre Checoslovaquia y América Latina 1945-1989. En los archivos de la República Checa (in Spanish). Karolinum Press. 2015. p. 267.
  6. ^ "03. ANEXO" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  7. ^ "Namibia muestra interés en fortalecer lazos con Panamá". mire.gob.pa (in Spanish). 1 February 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  8. ^ Gëzim Visoka (2018). Acting Like a State: Kosovo and the Everyday Making of Statehood. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 219–221. ISBN 9781138285330.
  9. ^ "Panama establishes diplomatic relations with Tajikistan". 26 May 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  10. ^ "ENCUENTRO ENTRE LOS EMBAJADORES DE PANAMÁ Y CABO VERDE, ACREDITADOS EN LISBOA" (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  11. ^ "Together with Foreign Minister ErikaMouynes of Panama, I signed Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between TimorLeste & Panama in the margins on the 77th Session of the #NGA (20/09)". 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  12. ^ "The Federated States of Micronesia Establishes Diplomatic Relations with the Republic of Panama & the Kingdom of Bahrain". 22 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  13. ^ "En el marco de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, me reuní con mi homólogo de Uganda, Jeje Odongo, para el establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas entre nuestras naciones" (in Spanish). 23 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  14. ^ "THE COOK ISLANDS FORMALISE DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH PANAMA". 8 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  15. ^ "Embassy of Canada in Panama City (in English, French and Spanish)". 27 May 2021.
  16. ^ "Embassy of Panama in Ottawa (in English and Spanish)".
  17. ^ "WikiLeaks: China rejects Panama's wish for ties". Fox News. 27 March 2015.
  18. ^ Embassy of Chile in Panama City
  19. ^ Embassy of Panama in Santiago de Chile
  20. ^ "India-Panama Relations" (PDF). Ministry of External Affairs. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  21. ^ "Indian Embassy in Panama".
  22. ^ "Indian mission in Panama".
  23. ^ "Panama Embassy in India".
  24. ^ "Panamá puerta de entrada de Kosovo a América Latina" (in Spanish). 27 August 2013. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  25. ^ Panama recognised independent state of Kosovo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2009-01-16
  26. ^ Panamá puerta de entrada de Kosovo a América Latina Archived 2016-09-17 at the Wayback Machine, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República de Panamá, 2013-08-27 (in Spanish)
  27. ^ Panama, Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme-Ambasada e Republikës së Kosovës në. "Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme - Ambasada e Republikës së Kosovës në Panama". Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme - Ambasada e Republikës së Kosovës në Panama. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
  28. ^ "Embassy of Mexico in Panama City (in Spanish)".
  29. ^ Embassy of Panama in Mexico City (in Spanish)
  30. ^ "Embassy of Panama in Moscow (in Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2014-11-30.
  31. ^ "Embassy of Russia in Panama City (in Russian and Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2009-06-24. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  32. ^ "Panamá y la república Saharaui". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
  33. ^ "Algeria: Sahrawi Embassy in Panama Reopens". AllAfrica. 2016-01-07. Retrieved 2015-01-13.
  34. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2016-07-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  35. ^ "Panama". Archived from the original on 2020-07-04. Retrieved 2016-12-31.
  36. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-01-01. Retrieved 2016-12-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  37. ^ a b c d "Panama (Republic of)".
  38. ^ "주한파나마대사관" [Embassy of Panama in Korea]. naver.com (in Korean).
  39. ^ "주 파나마 대한민국 대사관".
  40. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Latin America and Caribbean". Archived from the original on 2015-07-05. Retrieved 2017-07-26.
  41. ^ "Korea-Panama Relations".
  42. ^ "Embassy of Panama in Madrid (in Spanish)".
  43. ^ "Embassy of Spain in Panama City (in Spanish)".
  44. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Panama".
  45. ^ "British Embassy Panama City". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  46. ^ "UK and Central America sign continuity agreement". GOV.UK. 18 July 2019. Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  47. ^ "Panama - United Kingdom BIT (1983)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  48. ^ Embassy of Panama in Washington, D.C.
  49. ^ Embassy of the United States in Panama City

Further reading

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Further information: Panama–United States relations
  • Ealy, Lawrence O. The Republic of Panama in world affairs, 1903-1950 (U of Pennsylvania Press, 1951). online
  • Farnsworth, David N., and James W. McKenney. US-Panama relations, 1903–1978: A study in linkage politics (Routledge, 2020).
  • Major, John. "‘Pro mundi beneficio’? The Panama Canal as an international issue, 1943–8." Review of International Studies 9.1 (1983): 17–34.
  • Williams Jr, Harold E. Panamanian-US Relations Towards 2000: An Opportunity for Partnership (Naval Postgraduate School, 1995) online.
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